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Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
"British philosopher and sociologist, Herbert Spencer was a major figure in the intellectual life of the Victorian era. He was one of the principal proponents of evolutionary theory in the mid nineteenth century, and his reputation at the time rivaled that of Charles Darwin. Spencer was initially best known for developing and applying evolutionary theory to philosophy, psychology and the study of society ..." |
Herbert Spencer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher most prominently known as the father of Social Darwinism (although his ideas preceded Darwin's), a school of thought that applied the evolutionist theory of survival of the fittest (a phrase coined by Spencer) to sociological concerns of education and class struggle. His writing, however, contributed to a wide range of topics, including ethics, metaphysics, religion, politics, rhetoric, biology and psychology. ..." |
| Articles |
Herbert Spencer as an Anthropologist [PDF], by Robert L. Carneiro, Journal of Libertarian Studies, 1981
"What Darwin did was to argue convincingly that organic forms 'have all descended ... from common parents, and have all
been modified in the course of descent,' ... recognition of a profound and universal transformation, proceeding at many levels toward greater complexity and increased integration, is a large step. That step was taken by Spencer alone." |
Herbert Spencer's Theory of Causation [PDF], by George H. Smith, Journal of Libertarian Studies, 1981
"What are the social conditions best suited for the development of the justice sentiment? A free 'industrial' society, answers Spencer. An authoritarian 'militant' society, on the other hand, discourages this sentiment. ... This rather prosaic summary of Spencer's theory of justice ... points out the central role that the conduct/consequence doctrine plays in his theory of justice." |
| Writings |
On Moral Education [PDF], Education: Intellectual, Moral and Physical, 1861
Related Topic: Children
Condensed from "Moral Education" chapter, reprinted in Spring 1966 issue of Left and Right
"... if education be a preparation for the business of life, then every child should also, from the beginning, have daily experience of this fact. ... Bear constantly in mind the truth that the aim of your discipline should be to produce a self-governing being; not to produce a being to be governed by others." |
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