
The Independent Institute is a libertarian public policy research organization founded in 1986 by David J. Theroux based in Oakland, California. The institute has more than 140 research fellows and is organized into seven centers addressing a range of political, social, economic, legal, environmental, and foreign policy issues. It publishes books, reports, blogs, podcasts, and the quarterly scholarly journal The Independent Review.
History
The institute was originally established in San Francisco, was re-located to Oakland in 1989, and since 2006 has had an office in Washington, D.C. According to the 2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report, the institute is number 42 in the "Top Think Tanks in the United States"1.
Publications and programs
Since 1996, the institute has published the quarterly scholarly journal The Independent Review, whose founding editor and editor at large until 2013 was the economist and historian Robert Higgs2. Currently, the editor is economics professor Robert M. Whaples, with Christopher J. Coyne, Gregory J. Robson and Diana W. Thomas acting as co-editors3.
The institute conducts various conference programs. The institute's Independent Policy Forum has included seminars by individuals including James M. Buchanan and Gore Vidal.
Its program in criminal justice sponsored a series of televised debates on PBS-TV, Stopping Violent Crime: New Directions for Reduction and Prevention, moderated by Harvard law professor Arthur R. Miller, former U.S. Attorney General Richard Thornburgh, federal judge David Sentelle, civil libertarian writer Wendy Kaminer and others4.
In 2006, the institute opened an office in Washington and expanded its media program, including a syndicated weekly column by senior fellow Álvaro Vargas Llosa in The Washington Post5. In 2006, the institute released an "Open Letter on Immigration" addressed to President George W. Bush and members of Congress and signed by numerous economists, including five Nobel laureates6.
Policy areas
The institute's stated mission is "to boldly advance peaceful, prosperous, and free societies, grounded in a commitment to human worth and dignity"7.
The institute maintains MyGovCost.org, which focuses on the critical analysis of fiscal policy and government waste. It includes a calculator described as enabling Americans to estimate their lifetime federal tax liability and the hypothetical alternative investment return8.
Independent Institute scholars have criticized the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on economic9, legal10, ethical11 and privacy grounds12.
Independent Institute scholars have leveled several criticisms of Medicare. Senior fellow John R. Graham has lamented the widespread indifference to the Medicare Trustees report's warnings of Medicare's mounting fiscal problems13. He has, however, defended Medicare Advantage for giving seniors more choices than traditional Medicare. John C. Goodman has argued that healthcare inflation in the United States began with the creation of Medicare14. To help curb Medicare spending, Graham has proposed incentivizing enrollees to seek less expensive medical treatment abroad15. Craig Eyermann has also proposed giving Medicare enrollees a direct economic stake in lowering the costs16. Goodman has called for the privatization of Medicare17.
The Independent Institute has criticized the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, for what it sees as over-regulation as a result of political and bureaucratic incentives. The institute's FDAReview.org website cites numerous scholarly studies by academic economists that question the agency's safety, effectiveness and incentives18. Senior fellow Robert Higgs has argued that the FDA's regulation of healthcare products is "hazardous to our health"19. Senior fellow Alexander Tabarrok has questioned the need for the FDA's pre-approval requirements for pharmaceuticals on the grounds that doctors successfully prescribe many drugs for off-label usage20.
Civil liberties and human rights
Independent Institute fellows have written on a variety of topics related to civil liberties and human rights. Historian Jonathan Bean anthologized and annotated numerous historical speeches, letters and articles that show individualist perspectives that animated the American civil-rights era in his book Race and Liberty in America: The Essential Reader21. Since 2012, Bean has served on the Illinois State Advisory Committee, a federally appointed panel that advises the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, and his experience led him to claim that the mainstream civil rights community was out of touch with the public's civil rights concerns.
Second Amendment legal scholar Stephen Halbrook, who has won three firearms cases before the U.S. Supreme Court, has argued in several Independent Institute books and articles that civil liberties are more secure when individuals have legal access to firearms22. His 2003 book, The Founders' Second Amendment, traced the U.S. Constitution's guarantees of "the right of the people to keep and bear Arms" back to the American colonists' fears of British oppression23. His 2013 book, Gun Control in the Third Reich, examined firearm registration and restrictions in pre-World War II Germany24.
Economists Christopher Coyne and Abigail Hall have argued that interventionist militarism can lead to a "boomerang effect", setting in motion political, institutional and ideological forces that contribute to the suppression of civil liberties in the aggressive country25.
The institute has also criticized major aspects of the criminal justice system as antagonistic toward civil liberties. Senior fellow Bruce L. Benson argued in The Enterprise of Law that before the British crown took over the courts, the legal system focused on restitution for victims, rather than punishment, corrections and deterrence26.
In The Power of Habeas Corpus in America, winner of a 2013 PROSE Award in Law and Legal Studies27, research fellow Anthony Gregory put forth a revisionist view of the writ of habeas corpus, arguing that rather than always promoting the cause of civil liberties, the legal idea has served "both as an engine and a curb on state power"28.
Criticism of the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan
In the aftermath of 11 September attacks, the Independent Institute was an early advocate of using privateers (rather than a military invasion of Afghanistan) to bring the co-conspirators of the terrorist attacks to justice under international law, as authorized in Article I, Section 8, clause 11 of the United States Constitution29.
Opposition to the Iraq War
The Independent Institute promotes a U.S. foreign policy of free trade and non-interventionism, and this perspective was apparent in a host of publications and events it sponsored during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan since 2001.
Even before the United States led the 2003 airstrikes on Iraq, the Independent Institute's fellows and speakers voiced opposition to a U.S.-Iraq War30. That opposition continued for the duration of the conflict. In a Reason magazine symposium marking the 10th anniversary of the war's inception, research fellow Anthony Gregory called the Iraq war "the worst U.S. government project in my lifetime", and senior fellow Robert Higgs said the sizable political and material benefits that accrued to the war's architects demonstrate that "crime pays"31.
Senior fellow Ivan Eland, who directs the institute's Center on Peace and Liberty, wrote extensively on the Iraq war and told an audience at the 2013 Conservative Political Action Conference that the war helped illustrate why the America's Founders warned against foreign entanglements and were suspicious of standing armies32. He has also argued that conservatives who seek a more limited government should celebrate Calvin Coolidge instead of the more interventionist Ronald Reagan33.
Eland has argued that the best strategy for minimizing sectarian strife in post-Saddam Iraq is for Iraqis to peacefully partition their country along ethnic and religious lines, a view once also supported by then-Senator Joe Biden34 and former Ambassador Peter Galbraith35.
Climate change
The Independent Institute has published works by atmospheric physicist and professor emeritus of environmental science Fred Singer, who was an advocate of climate change attribution denial and impact denial36. The works include Hot Talk, Cold Science: Climate Change's Unfinished Debate, with a foreword by Frederick Seitz, another Institute research fellow37. The book included Singer's 1998 essay, "Unfinished Business–The Scientific Case against the Global Climate Treaty"38. The institute also published a 2003 policy report, "New Perspectives in Climate Science: What the EPA Isn't Telling Us", also co-authored by Singer39, which criticized the Environmental Protection Agency's 2001 Climate Action Report.
Funding
For the fiscal year ending 30 June 2023, the institute had total revenue of $6,920,97440. From 2015 to 2021, the independent rating group Charity Navigator rated the institute with a Four-Star rating41.
Microsoft funding controversy
On 2 June 1999, the institute sponsored a full-page advertisement titled "An Open Letter to President Clinton from 240 Economists on Antitrust Protectionism" in The New York Times and The Washington Post. The ads were signed by 240 economists and claimed "[h]eadline-grabbing cases against Microsoft, Intel, Cisco Systems, Visa and MasterCard, along with a flurry of merger investigations now underway, would appear to demonstrate the need for a vigorously enforced antitrust policy that will create checks and balances to eliminate consumer harm. However, consumers did not ask for these antitrust actions—rival business firms did"42.
In September 1999, a controversy arose when New York Times reporter Joel Brinkley stated that the advertisements had been paid for by Microsoft. Based on "internal institute documents" provided to the Times "by a Microsoft adversary associated with the computer industry who refused to be further identified", Brinkley wrote that Microsoft "has secretly served as the institute's largest outside financial benefactor in the last year". The documents showed that Microsoft had contributed $203,217 in 1999, making it the single largest contributor. Brinkley calculated that Microsoft's contribution amounted to approximately 20% of the funds in 1999 from external sources, excluding $304,725 contributed by Theroux43.
The day after Brinkley's article appeared, Theroux stated that "our final year-end records do not agree with the numbers he had been provided by his source" and claimed that at the media conference he had stated that the Microsoft funding amounted to 7%. "It now appears the final figure is about 8%, a statistically insignificant difference, and far less than the 20% figure Mr. Brinkley claimed in his article", said Theroux44.
In June 2000, Wall Street Journal staff reporters Glenn Simpson and Ted Bridis revealed that Oracle Corporation had hired Investigative Group International, as well as Chlopak, Leonard, Schechter & Associates, a Washington, D.C. public relations agency, to distribute damaging information about Microsoft's allies to media outlets. Oracle admitted that this was the "Microsoft adversary associated with the computer industry who refused to be further identified", which was the sole source for Brinkley's article45.
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James G. McGann, 2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report (Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program, The Lauder Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 28 January 2021), 90-96, accessed 4 July 2024. ↩︎
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Alex Tabarrok, "New Editors at The Independent Review" (MarginalRevolution.com, 4 February 2013), accessed 22 October 2024. ↩︎
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David J. Theroux et al., "A Word from the Publisher and Editors' Welcome" (Indepedent.org), accessed 22 October 2024. ↩︎
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"Stopping Violent Crime: New Directions for Reduction and Prevention" (Independent.org, 3 December 1996), accessed 23 October 2024. See also "Stopping Violent Crime: New Directions for Crime Reduction & Prevention" (YouTube.com, 20 October 2014), accessed 23 October 2024. ↩︎
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Alvaro Vargas Llosa, "Hasta La Vista" (RealClearPolitics.com, 11 May 2011), accessed 23 October 2024. ↩︎
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Alexander T. Tabarrok and David J. Theroux, "Open Letter on Immigration" (Independent.org, 19 June 2006), accessed 23 October 2024. See also "Open Letter on Immigration" (WSJ.com, 19 May 2006), accessed 23 October 2024. ↩︎
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"About the Independent Institute" (Independent.org), accessed 24 October 2024. ↩︎
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Tina Korbe, "For a frugal Gal, I have got a lot of debt" (WashingtonExaminer.com, 30 September 2010), accessed 24 October 2024. ↩︎
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John R. Graham, "King v. Burwell: Fix Obamacare's Job Killing Tax Credits" (Forbes.com, 24 June 2015), accessed 24 October 2024, and "The Congressional Budget Office's Rose-Colored, Short-Sighted View of Obamacare Spending (Independent.org, 28 January 2015), accessed 24 October 2024. ↩︎
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John S. Hoff, "Obamacare: Chief Justice Roberts’s Political Dodge", The Independent Review 18, no. 1 (Summer 2013): 5-20. ↩︎
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Anthony Gregory, "Ubiquitous Hypocrisy on Health Care and the Individual Mandate" (HuffPost.com, 2 April 2012), accessed 24 October 2024. ↩︎
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Mary L. G. Theroux, "Obamacare: All Your Intimate Information Available to (Almost) Anyone" (Independent.org, 22 July 2013), accessed 24 October 2024. ↩︎
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John R. Graham, "Medicare Devours the Federal Government" (RealClearPolicy.com, 6 August 2015), accessed 24 October 2024. ↩︎
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John C. Goodman, "What Paul Krugman Doesn't Understand About Medicare" (Forbes.com, 28 July 2015), accessed 24 October 2024. ↩︎
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John R. Graham, "How domestic medical tourism could save us all money" (WashingtonPost.com, 6 February 2015), accessed 24 October 2024. ↩︎
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Craig Eyermann, "The Medicare Spending Program" (Independent.org, 30 November 2012), accessed 24 October 2024. ↩︎
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John C. Goodman, "Let's Privatize Medicare" (Townhall.com, 23 August 2014), accessed 24 October 2024. ↩︎
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"FDAReview.org: A Project of the Independent Institute", (FDAReview.org), accessed 25 October 2024. ↩︎
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Robert Higgs, ed., Hazardous to Our Health? FDA Regulation of Health Care Products, Oakland, CA: The Independent Institute, 1995. ↩︎
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Alexander T. Tabarrok, "Assessing the FDA via the Anomaly of Off-Label Drug Prescribing", The Independent Review 5, no. 1 (Summer 2000): 25-53. ↩︎
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Damon Root, "Classical Liberalism and the Fight for Equal Rights" (Reason.com, 8 July 2009), accessed 25 October 2024. ↩︎
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Stephen Halbrook, "The Nazis' Gun Ban Facilitated Kristallnacht" (HistoryNewsNetwork.org, 25 November 2013), accessed 29 October 2024. See also Stephen P. Halbrook, Securing Civil Rights: Freedmen, the Fourteenth Amendment, and the Right to Bear Arms, Oakland, CA: The Independent Institute, 2021. ↩︎
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Raymond G. Kessler, "The Founders' Second Amendment: Origins of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms", Law and Politics Book Review 23, no. 2 (February 2013): 92-97. ↩︎
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Alec MacGillis, "The Mother of All Nazi Analogies, Now Available at Amazon" (NewRepublic.com, 20 November 2013), accessed 29 October 2024. ↩︎
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Sheldon Richman, "TGIF: The 'Boomerang Effect': How Foreign Policy Changes Domestic Policy" (FFF.org, 26 September 2014), accessed 29 October 2024. ↩︎
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Sheldon Richman, "Crime and Punishment in a Free Society" (Reason.com, 8 December 2013), accessed 31 October 2024. ↩︎
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Association of American Publishers, "2013 Award Winners: Category Winners" (ProseAwards.com), accessed 31 October 2024. ↩︎
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Jonathan Hafetz, "The Paradox of Habeas Corpus" (Reason.com, 18 June 2013), accessed 31 October 2024. ↩︎
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Larry J. Sechrest, "Let Privateers Troll for Bin Laden" (Independent.org, 30 September 2001), accessed 1 November 2024. ↩︎
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Diane Ainsworth, "Ellsberg says Bush is 'lying us' into war with Iraq", The Berkeleyan, 30 October 2002, accessed 1 November 2024. See also, "Secrecy, Freedom and Empire: Lessons for Today from Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers" (Independent.org, 23 October 2002), accessed 1 November 2024. ↩︎
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Mattthew Feeney, "The Iraq War: 10 Years Later" (Reason.com, 19 March 2013), accessed 4 November 2024. ↩︎
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Neil King Jr., "Conservatives Ponder: Are We Fighting Too Many Wars?" (WSJ.com, 14 March 2013), accessed 4 November 2024. See also Joel Griffith, "CPAC panelists disagree on war policy, Arkansas Congressman insists we ‘must afford’ military engagements", (RedAlertPolitics.com, 14 March 2013), archive accessed 4 November 2024. ↩︎
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J. Arthur Bloom, "CPAC 2013: The War Party" (TheAmericanConservative.com, 14 March 2013), accessed 4 November 2024. ↩︎
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Zeke J. Miller, "White House Doesn't Rule Out Iraq Partition" (Time.com, 23 June 2014), accessed 4 November 2024. ↩︎
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Peter W. Galbraith, "The Case For Dividing Iraq" (Time.com, 30 October 2006), accessed 4 November 2024. ↩︎
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James Hoggan, Climate Cover-Up: The Crusade to Deny Global Warming, Vancouver: Greystone Books, 2009, 80. ↩︎
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S. Fred Singer, Hot Talk, Cold Science: Climate Change's Unfinished Debate, Oakland, California: The Independent Institute, 1997. ↩︎
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Fred Singer, "Unfinished Business–The Scientific Case Against the Global Climate Treaty", Energy & Environment 9, no. 6 (September 1998): 617-632. ↩︎
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S. Fred Singer et al., "New Perspectives in Climate Change" (Independent.org, 28 July 2003), accessed 5 November 2024. ↩︎
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"Return of Organization Exempt From Income Tax" (Independent.org, 15 May 2024), accessed 6 January 2025. ↩︎
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"The Independent Institute" (CharityNavigator.org), accessed 6 November 2024. ↩︎
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David J. Theroux, "Open Letter on Antitrust Protectionism" (Independent.org, 2 June 1999), accessed 6 November 2024. ↩︎
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Joel Brinkley, "Microsoft Covered Cost of Ads Backing It in Antitrust Suit" (NYTimes.com, 18 September 1999), accessed 6 November 2024. ↩︎
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David J. Theroux, "Winners, Losers & Microsoft Strikes a Sensitive Nerve" (Independent.org, 19 September 1999), accessed 11 November 2024. ↩︎
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Glenn R. Simpson and Ted Bridis, "Oracle Admits It Hired Agency To Investigate Allies of Microsoft" (WSJ.com, 28 June 2000), accessed 11 November 2024. ↩︎
This article is derived from the English Wikipedia article "Independent Institute" as of 26 Sep 2024, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.