Economic Freedom Summary Index, Economic Freedom of the World, 25 Sep 2025
2023 overall score: 6.83, rank: 75
Territory in east central Asia, ruled since 1992 by the Mongol uls
Mongolia (Mongolian: Монгол Улс Monggol Ulus) is a landlocked country in East Asia. Its area is roughly equivalent with the historical territory of Outer Mongolia, and that term is sometimes used to refer to the current state. It is sandwiched between China to the south and Russia to the north. Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, although only 37 kilometers separates them.
Geographical type: Territory
Latitude: 46° N — Longitude: 105° E
Area: 1,566,000 km²
ISO 3166-2 code: MN
Measures of Freedom
Human Freedom Index [PDF], The Human Freedom Index 2023: A Global Measurement of Personal, Civil, and Economic Freedom
2021: 7.43, Rank: 59, Personal freedom: 7.71, Economic freedom: 7.04
2021: 7.43, Rank: 59, Personal freedom: 7.71, Economic freedom: 7.04
Mongolia: Country Profile, Freedom in the World, 2025Status: Free, Aggregate Score: 84/100, Political Rights: 36/40, Civil Liberties: 48/60
Following a peaceful revolution in 1990, Mongolia began holding multiparty elections and established itself as an electoral democracy. Political rights and civil liberties are generally respected. Political parties continue to rely on patronage networks rather than a competition of policy visions, and corruption is widespread.
Articles
How to Destroy Mongolian Mining, by Morgan J. Poliquin, Mises Daily, 20 Jun 2006
Discusses the societal and economics implications of a 68% "windfall profits" tax imposed on copper and gold mining in Mongolian territory
Discusses the societal and economics implications of a 68% "windfall profits" tax imposed on copper and gold mining in Mongolian territory
The Mongolian state ... imposed what it has termed a "windfall profits" tax on mining carried out in that country ... The deserts of Mongolia present difficult challenges to mineral exploration and development such as extreme climate and poor infrastructure that other areas of the world do not have ... The beneficiaries ... would be the Mongolian state and the privileged groups to whom it would decide to dispense the proceeds. Mongolians would be better off building on the new wealth created by a potential copper mine, rather than discouraging risk-takers from finding and developing new mines.
The introductory paragraph uses material from the Wikipedia article "Mongolia" as of 22 Sep 2018, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.